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Inventing The SAT

“We must face a possibility of racial admixture here that is infinitely worse than that faced by any European country today, for we are incorporating the Negro into our racial stock, while all of Europe is comparatively free from this taint.” From A Study of

Bust of head with brain sections

Thinking About Thinking

Squinting into the blue-gray light of yet another computer terminal, John McCarthy looked as though he were suffering from eyestrain, or from one too many software demonstrations. He was sitting in the industrial exhibition hall at the annual convention of the American Association for Artificial

A hot saw cuts finished rolled shapes to customer length Steel plant after delivery from the finishing mill at a Bethlehem.

The Demise of Big Steel

A good way to start understanding the distress of the steel industry is to visit the Moravian Church’s ancient Nisky Hill Cemetery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Here, on a bluff overlooking the enormous Bethlehem Steel plant beside the Lehigh River, are buried many of the leaders

How the concept of prime numbers looks to Lenat’s Automated Mathematician. (Adapted from Douglas B. Lenat, "The Nature of Heuristics," published in volume 19 of Artificial Intelligence journal, 1982.)

Eurisko, the Computer with a Mind of its Own

On the July 4 weekend of 1981, while many Americans were preoccupied with barbecues or fireworks displays, players of an immensely complex, futuristic war game called Traveller gathered in San Mateo, California, to pick a national champion. Guided by hundreds of pages of design rules

Teacher in classroom

Testing Teachers

In November of 1983, the Governor of Arkansas signed a bill requiring public school teachers to pass competency tests in order to keep their jobs. As you might expect, the new law was harshly criticized by teachers. As you might not expect, it was also

American Library Association’s display of challenged books

Thought Control

Jake is one of the Depression era’s unemployed. He owns an ornery mule named Honeybunch. One day the mule dawdles while they’re crossing the railroad tracks. Jake and Honeybunch get hit by the train. They go to heaven. The pair arrive in the clouds to

Computer Addition

Computer Think

DENVER – How fast can you solve this math problem: (1 + 2) x SqRt(345.6) ÷ 78.9? That question was the point at issue recently in a “Great Math Race” at the Space Sciences Laboratory of the University of Denver. The participants in the Math

A four function calculator similar to the model bought by Paul Hemphill for $1,500 in 1970 Photo by Margaret M. McMahon

Plain Vanilla to Talking Machines

One fine day in 1970, an architect named Paul Hemphill counted out $200 as a down payment, signed a finance contract covering the remainder of the $1,500 purchase price, and walked out of his dealer’s showroom as the proud owner of a sleek new automatic

Business card saying Elvis Presley #1 fan

Idoling Elvis

MEMPHIS, Tenn.–In 1954 Elvis Presley came to be known as the King of Western Bop. He was the white boy who “sang black,” the revolutionary, rockabilly cat whose body movements originated from the wild contortions of Southern preachers. He was lusty and evangelical, a combination

Keeping up with the Carter administration.

Blackouts: Eclipsing Energy Information

WASHINGTON, D.C.–As the country struggles with the energy dilemma, something vital to the task keeps getting stolen: information. The culprit is the executive branch of the federal government, which for the past several years has repeatedly acted as a censor and crude propagandist in energy